RNE Biofarma

Osseokal

Dietary supplement

Packaging : 30 tablets of 1300 mg

Recommended dosage : 1-2 tablets a day

Product based on Vitamin D3, Calcium, Phosphorus, Silicon and Magnesium which can be useful for promoting the physiological metabolism of bone tissue.

Composition

Vitamin D

The two main forms in which Vitamin D can be found, both with very similar biological activity are Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol), which is formed when UV rays hit its plant-derived provitamin form (ergosterol), and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), which is produced in animal organisms by the irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol then undergoes a first hydroxylation reaction in the various tissues with the formation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 25 (OH) D3 which passes into the general circulation and binds to a specific carrier protein (vitamin D binding protein, or DBP). Arriving in the kidney, 25 (OH) D3 can undergo two different hydroxylation reactions, catalyzed by different hydroxylases (1- and 24-hydroxylase), which give rise, respectively, to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [1,25 (OH ) 2D3] (or calcitriol), the active component; 24.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol [24.25 (OH) 2D3], an inactive form.

The metabolically active form of Vitamin D (or calcitriol) is essential for maintaining calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. In fact, it promotes the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, promotes the reabsorption of calcium in the kidney, and the processes of mineralization of the bone, that is the deposition of calcium in the bone tissue. 1,25- (OH) 2-cholecalciferol, having a structure similar to steroid hormones, acts with a hormone-like mechanism of action: in the cell it binds to nuclear receptors that stimulate the production of various proteins, especially those that carry calcium. The regulation of calcium and phosphorus levels in the body occurs together with the action of two important hormones: calcitonin and parathyroid hormone. Calcitonin has actions opposite to those of vitamin D: it promotes urinary elimination and the deposition of calcium in the bones, causing a decrease in plasma calcium levels. Parathyroid hormone, on the other hand, inhibits the renal reabsorption of phosphates, increases that of calcium and stimulates the kidney to produce 1,25 (OH) 2D3. At the bone level, it promotes the release of calcium. The production of these hormones and vitamin D is strictly dependent on the plasma concentration of calcium: a condition of hypocalcemia stimulates the production of parathyroid hormone and 24.25 (OH) 2D3. An increase in plasma calcium, on the other hand, favors the synthesis of calcitonin. The delicate balance that is created determines a good regulation of the mineralization processes.

Finally, it seems that vitamin D can promote the differentiation of keratinocytes of the epidermis and bone osteoclasts and, perhaps, also has an antiproliferative action. In case of Vitamin D deficiency, the first alterations consist in a decrease in the serum levels of calcium and phosphorus with consequent secondary hyperparathyroidism and an increase in the concentration of alkaline phosphatase. Subsequently there is alteration of the mineralization processes with rickets in the child, and osteomalacia in the adult with consequent fragility and fractures, muscle weakness, bone deformation and pain. A deficiency of vitamin D is a very frequent phenomenon in old age and due to both a lower exposure to sunlight, a decreased ability of the skin to produce vitamin D with age, and a more deficient diet.

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Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body, where it is found almost exclusively (99%) to make up the skeleton. Calcium is an element of fundamental importance for the human body. In the bones it plays a structural role, as a component of hydroxyapatite crystals and constitutes a reserve for the maintenance of plasma concentration, thanks to the homeostatic action of calcium-regulating hormones (calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol). It is necessary for the proper functioning of numerous intracellular and extracellular processes such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, hormonal release and blood clotting. Furthermore, the Calcium ion plays an exclusive role in intracellular signaling mechanisms, is important for cell permeability, intervenes in cell multiplication and differentiation and is involved in the regulation of numerous enzymes. Calcium metabolism is regulated with a very complex dynamics by vitamin D and by two hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.

Vitamin D promotes the absorption of Calcium; PTH increases the concentration of calcium in the blood (calcemia) when its values fall (hypocalcemia):

Promoting the release of calcium by the osteoclasts in the bone tissue
By increasing intestinal absorption thanks to the increased activation of Vitamin D
Allowing the reabsorption of calcium ions in the renal tubules and reducing that of phosphates

Calcitonin has an opposite action (hypocalcemizing) favoring the deposition of calcium in the bone tissue and reducing its reabsorption in the kidney.

Under normal conditions, a certain amount of calcium is inevitably lost through urine, faeces, sweat, peeling of the skin and skin appendages (nails, hair and hair) which must be replaced with appropriate food supplies. Also some factors and some physiological situations can increase the need and / or daily losses of calcium. If these losses are not balanced by equal amounts of dietary calcium, then the body implements a series of countermeasures, regulated by specific hormones, in order to remove calcium from the bone deposits to make it available for all other cells. If the deficit is prolonged over time, the body is no longer able to repair the metabolic damage suffered by the bone tissue and a significant reduction in bone mass and its mineralization occurs, creating the conditions for the onset of osteoporosis. Calcium deficiency, in addition to alteration of the normal process of ossification and bone mineralization, involves growth alteration, with delay and arrest up to rickets, bone demineralization and hyperexcitability with the possible appearance of convulsions. It is therefore clear that an increase in dietary intake, possibly also guaranteed by supplementation, is important to ensure a correct and faster recalcification process following bone fractures and also as a preventive mechanism to reduce the risk of fractures.

Phosphorus

It is the structural element of teeth, bones and cells and accounts for more than 1% of body weight. 85% of the phosphorus present in our body is found in the bones together with calcium in the form of calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite, while the remaining 15% is found in soft tissues, in extracellular fluids, in the lining of cells, in a structural role (to constitute the phospholipids). It also has a functional role: the phosphate groups are in fact part of the molecules of DNA, RNA and ATP. It therefore constitutes a component of the genetic material and intervenes in the intermediate metabolism in a series of compounds used for the storage and transport of energy (ATP) and in the intracellular transmission of messages. It intervenes in the transmission of nerve impulses and stimulates muscle contractions. Phosphorus homeostasis is maintained by changes in renal excretion of phosphates, of which parathyroid hormone is the main regulator. About 60% of the phosphorus present in foods, especially of protein origin, is absorbed in the intestine under the favorable influence of Vitamin D, regardless of its effect on calcium absorption. However, it is necessary to avoid levels of phosphorus intake that are too high compared to those of calcium since the absorption and excretion of phosphorus are closely linked to those of calcium.

Silicon

The dry extract of Bamboo stems and leaves contains high quantities of Silicon in bioavailable organic form and therefore easily assimilated. In our body, Silicon is a microelement present in connective tissues, bones, as a constituent of keratin and therefore of hair and nails. Silicon plays a structural role in the mineralization processes of bone tissue, in the synthesis of collagen and connective tissue. Its deficiency can cause a reduction in body growth and a delay in development, a weakening and loss of elasticity of the cartilages. The presence of an adequate quantity of silicon in the organism ensures the normal and physiological synthesis of both cartilage and bone tissue. The use of Silicon dietary supplementation can therefore constitute both a preventive and curative treatment, especially in the alterations of bone mass, and a complementary treatment to favor the correct formation of callus following fractures.

Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential component of the human body. In the adult organism the Magnesium content is about 20-28 g of which 60% is contained in the bones, 39% in the intracellular compartments and about 1% in the extracellular fluids. In the reactive form as a Magnesium ion (Mg ++) it is able to bind to some enzymes of energy metabolism, and to function as an enzymatic cofactor. In fact, in humans, Magnesium is involved in the synthesis and use of ATP, and is essential for numerous metabolic processes (glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, synthesis and duplication of nucleic acids, biosynthesis of lipids and proteins) in the transmission of nerve impulses and muscle and cellular stability. A lack of it can lead to an altered metabolism of calcium, sodium and potassium in the body which results in weakness, muscle spasms, impaired heart function, tetanic crises, loss of coordination, etc.